A TRIP ROUTE
FACTS TO REMEMBER
The first Polish traveler to visit the Far East was a Franciscan, Benedykt Polak, from Silesia or Greater Poland. Our compatriot participated in the famous expedition of the papal legate Father Giovanni di Piano Carpini to the great Mongolian khan. The monks went to the Khan's capital in Karakoram on the orders of Pope Innocent IV, and the purpose of the expedition was to persuade the Mongols to accept the teachings of Christ and to gain them as allies against Muslims. The mission of the Franciscans took place in the years 1245-1247, almost 30 years before the journey of the famous Venetian Marco Polo! The papal envoys returned to Europe without fulfilling the task entrusted to them, but the expedition resulted in a confidential document created in 1249 entitled History of Tartarorum. The account contains a description of Genghis Khan's conquests, as well as numerous information about the Mongol lifestyle, their appearance and customs. The account of Carpini and Benedict the Pole, due to its great scientific importance and the authenticity of the accounts, is considered to be one of the milestones of world history and geography.IT IS WORTH KNOWING
The Mongol invasion of Poland in 1241 under the command of Baidar was an auxiliary strike. Its purpose was to prevent Poland and the Czech Republic from providing military aid to the Kingdom of Hungary. The Mongols planned to take control of Hungary and Bulgaria, thanks to which they would create a favorable political and military situation to attack the Byzantine Empire. The battle took place on April 9, 1241. Baidar's army consisted of about 8,000 warriors, while on the Polish side stood about 6,000 Silesian and Greater Poland knights and about 2,000 knights of the Knights Templar, Hospitallers and Teutonic Knights. The Polish army was defeated, the commanding officer of them, Prince Henry II the Pious, and two commanders of the troops, Bolesław Dypoldowic and Sulisław from Małopolska, died. As a result of the defeat at Legnica, the state of Henryków Silesia fell apart, and the unification activities of the Polish lands were retained for several dozen years. In the next battle, the Mongols defeated the Hungarians on the Mohi plain, but did not take advantage of their victory. Upon learning of the death of the great khan of Ugedej, they returned to the capital of the empire in Karakoram to take part in the election of the new great khan.INTERESTING STORIES
Nikolai Mikhailovich Przewalski, who lived in the 19th century, was a Russified Pole, a general, geographer and explorer of Central and Eastern Asia. During one of his expeditions in the 1880s, he described for the first time in the world a wild horse, later called Przewalski's horse. In the mid-twentieth century, this species was declared extinct in the wild, and attempts to reintroduce it were successful. Currently, you can admire it, among others in Khustajn Nuruu National Park near Ulan Bator. Many myths have arisen around Przewalski. One of them says that he is the probable biological father of Joseph Stalin, which seems to confirm the similarity of the physiognomy of both men in adulthood. Historian, Paweł Wieczorkiewicz wrote that young Józef was nicknamed "Przewalski's horse", thus mocking not only his alleged origin, but also from a squat figure. However, a comparison of the Y chromosomes, of Przewalski's and Stalin's relatives, showed that both families were derived from different founders. The great-great-grandfather of the scientist, Korniło Anisimowicz Perewalski, was a Cossack who, for his military merits in the war against Russia, was granted nobility by King Stefan Batory. Przewalski himself, on the other hand, considered himself a Russian and fought as a volunteer against the January Uprising of 1863.IT IS WORTH SEEING
Gobi is an upland area of steppes, semi-deserts and deserts in southern Mongolia and northern China. The second largest desert in the world after the Sahara desert, it is one of the richest sites of late Cretaceous dinosaurs and primeval mammals. Polish-Mongolian paleontological expeditions led by prof. Kielan-Jaworowska. The expeditions of 1965-71 resulted in the discovery of a number of new species of dinosaurs and primitive mammals from the late Cretaceous era. Compiling finds, dealt with, inter alia, one of the participants of the expeditions, prof. Halszka Osmólska. The Polish palaeontologist explained many problems of the structure and taxonomy of duck-billed dinosaurs and oviraptor, and she discovered the first Asian big-headed dinosaurs and the world's first Cretaceous crocodiles. The fossils found then are on display at the Evolution Museum, located in the Palace of Culture and Science in Warsaw.INTERESTING FACTS
Born in 1986 in Ulan Bator, Bilguun Ariunbaatar, is probably the second most famous Mongol after Genghis Khan. A popular showman, satirist, journalist and celebrity emigrated with his parents to Poland in the early 1990s. "Bill", who speaks fluent Polish, made a career in Polish television. From 2010, he appeared in the Szymon Majewski Show as a reporter for the fictional Mongolian television U1 Bator. In the following years, he co-hosted the HDw3D Telewizision program with Majewski on TVN and appeared in the "Szymon live" program. He also took part in the thirteenth edition of the program "Taniec z Gwiazdami" broadcast on TVN. His partner was Janja Lesar, with whom he reached the finals, taking second place. In 2014, he appeared in the program "Your face sounds familiar", broadcast on Polsat TV. He only won the fourth episode for performing the song "Where are the men?" Danuta Rinn, winning 10 thousand. PLN, which he allocated to the foundation "Help on time". It is only known about his private life that in 2016 he became a father.October 2016
I have been going to visit this mysterious country lying between Russia and China for a long time. To get there, I considered traveling by the Trans-Siberian Railway, but I was not entirely convinced of this option. Therefore, when an offer to fly from Warsaw, via Beijing to Ulan Bator, appeared, I did not hesitate for a long time and bought a ticket.
I was a bit worried about low temperatures, but the snowfall only made my stay in Mongolia more attractive. It happened that during the day I admired a landscape in the golden colors of autumn, and the next day I woke up in a snow-covered Gera. For solo tourists, Mongolia is not very friendly. Therefore, if you want to see something outside of Ulan Bator, you have to join a group and rent a jeep with a driver. I did so and despite the considerable costs, I do not regret it. I saw and experienced things that I certainly would not have experienced on a bus.MONGOLIA
People
The Mongols are prudent and disciplined, and at the same time full of life and carefree. The harsh living conditions made them famous for their exceptional hospitality. Strangers visiting their ger can always count on a warm welcome and refreshments, which I experienced during my trip. In cities, residents dress in a European fashion, but in the provinces, the traditional del or long, colorful coat and high, leather shoes called gutul are still worn.
Ulan Bator - the city
Ulaanbaatar is a bustling, constantly growing and horribly jammed city. There are not many tourist attractions here, and the few include Buddhist temples, Bogda Khan's Winter Palace and museums. The central point of the capital is Suche Batora Square, which was laid out during the communist era, which today is a meeting place for young people and...young couples, posing for commemorative photos in front of the Genghis Khan monument.
Ulan Bator - temples
Among the numerous temples in the capital, only the Gandan Tegchenling monastery survived the communist purges. The temple complex, situated on a hillside, is today the center of Mongolian Buddhism. The huge statue of Avalokiteshvara, measuring over 26 meters, made the biggest impression on me. Unfortunately, the original sculpture was destroyed and transported in pieces to the Soviet Union in the 1930s XX century.
On the way
During the first two days of my trip around Mongolia, the weather was clearly not good. Against the backdrop of rainy clouds, even such natural wonders as the beautiful Tsagan Suvarga cliff or the granite Baga Gazriin Chuluu rock formations do not look too impressive. We spent the first night at the home of a Mongolian family who warmly welcomed us and treated us with a traditional meal. It was a nice experience for me, although the buudzy dumplings, washed down with goat's milk, did not taste very good.
Gobi Desert
Everyone associates the desert with sand dunes stretching to the edge of the horizon, but it is hard to be more misconstrued. The Gobi, the second largest desert in the world after Sachara, consists of dry steppes, gravel-rock semi-deserts, deserts and even high mountains. I was looking forward to visiting Bajandzag, where dinosaur bones and eggs were found, but I was most enchanted by the picturesque dunes of Chongoryn Els.
Towards Arwajcheer
During the trip to Arwajcheer we had another bad weather and in the morning everything was covered in white carpets. In the snowy scenery, the herd of grazing, half-wild horses, met on the way, was exceptionally picturesque. The city itself did not stand out with anything special, but fortunately, along with the kilometers traveled, the weather improved and we entered the Karakoram in the rays of the sun.
Karakoram
Karakoram was the first capital of the great Mongol Empire, established by the great Khan Ugedej in 1243. However, at the end of the 14th century, the city was destroyed by Chinese troops. Currently, all objects that are part of the cultural landscape of the Orchon Valley are entered on the Unesco List. On the other hand, I was most impressed by 108 white-painted stupas, built into the wall surrounding Erdene Dzuu, the oldest Buddhist monastery in Mongolia.
Khugnu Khan Reserve
I must admit that I did not expect much from the Khugnu Khan Reserve near Karakoram . However, the reality was beyond my wildest imaginations. Nature was exceptionally kind here and in one place placed mountains, picturesque hills, granite outliers, forests, steppes, deserts, rivers and mineral springs. When I woke up the next day, I saw everything around me, even sheep, goats and camels shrouded in snow.
Around the capital
There are many tourist attractions within a radius of several dozen km from Ulan Bator. One of them is the monumental statue of Genghis Khan in Tsonjin Boldog, where the ruler was to find the legendary golden whip. The 40-meter-high equestrian statue of the founder of the Mongol empire makes an amazing impression, but I liked the visit to the Khustajn Nuruu National Park more, where I watched Przewalski's horses endangered with extinction.
CHINA
Beijing
I had my next flight from Beijing in eleven hours, so a trip to the city was obvious. I wanted to do some shopping, do some sightseeing and relax before my next flight. My plans were very ambitious, but I was able to see only the Confucius temple, because at this time of the year it gets dark very quickly here. Nevertheless, my return to the capital of the Middle Kingdom was a very pleasant experience for me.